Yellow fever results in death for 20% to 50% of those who develop severe disease. Yellow fever (YF) is a zoonotic disease caused by yellow fever virus (YFV), which is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. Mosquito bite avoidance and yellow fever vaccination is recommended for travellers visiting countries where there is a risk of YF virus transmission. Confirmed human cases of YF were geocoded by county based on the probable place of infection. Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Roles Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Though the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified 45 countries that are at a risk of Yellow Fever transmission, this disease is mainly prevalent in regions of South America and Africa. For this purpose, the inverse distance (IDW) approach was used [50]. Health officials are in search of other yellow fever cases in the community and evaluating the risk of transmission. Altitudes from 0 to 317 masl were not considered since the CI included the null.
Yellow Fever human cases data are available at the following URL: http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=5514&Itemid=270&lang=en. Yellow fever is an excellent example for the “One Health” approach, where the relationship between humans, animals and ecosystems need to be studied to improve knowledge on a disease and to enhance collaborative intersectoral and multidisciplinary control strategies. The digital cartographic database by county was prepared to aggregate all YF human cases during the study period and the geo-environmental variables of the study. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days. The existing high density of Aedes aegypti in many urban areas of Latin America increase the risk of vector-borne diseases in region, demonstrated by outbreaks of dengue and chikungunya. 8. Formal analysis, A bi-national high-high cluster was found in the border between Colombia (Norte de Santander, La Guajira and Cesar) and Venezuela (Zulia). (HealthDay)—Three factors are associated with an increased risk for onset of … These are areas where the virus is present in monkeys and is a potential risk to humans as defined by the World Health Organization.Some of these countries demand a yellow fever certificate from travellers as a condition of entry to their country. Mosquito bite avoidance and yellow fever vaccination is recommended for travellers visiting countries where there is a risk of YF virus transmission. This study reports results of a cross-sectional study based on interviews and seroepidemiological methods to identify risk factors for yellow fever infection among personnel of a military garrison in the Amazonian rainforest. No significant effect was found in tree canopy loss per county.
This history of vaccines is relatively short and many of its protagonists are still alive. This book was written by some of the chief actors in the drama whose subject matter is the conquest of epidemic disease. Margaret Humphreys explores the ways in which this tropical disease hampered commerce, frustrated the scientific community, and eventually galvanized local and federal authorities into forming public health boards. Yellow fever risk assessment using these factors is key to designing vaccination and other intervention campaigns aimed at reducing the burden of the disease. A historical analysis of the global distribution of YF identified that outbreaks occurring from 1900 to 1959 were located between 29°N in the north of Mexico to 29°S in Brazil [4]; in contrast, outbreaks after the 1960s revealed lower latitudes or “intertropical”, from 16°N in Colombia to 28°S in Argentina [4]. One of the limitations of this study was that it was not possible to find disaggregated information about YF vaccination coverage by county (study unit of analysis) for the 13 endemic countries during this 15-year study period. Recent modeling of YF risk in Asia showed that two major factors limited the probability of YF expansion in Asia (“Asian hypothesis”) and dengue fever in Africa (“African hypothesis”) . Risk factors ID'd for conversion from RIS to multiple sclerosis. Even if there aren’t current reports of infected humans in these areas, it … Some countries in Africa require evidence of vaccination from all entering travelers and some countries may waive the requirements for travelers staying less than 2 weeks that are coming from areas where there is no current evidence of significant risk for contracting yellow fever. Another possible limitation of this paper is that ecological studies are commonly associated with the ecological fallacy, a possible erroneous inference that may occur because an association observed between variables on an aggregate level does not necessary represent or reflect the association that exists at individual level [73]. Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America, Roles Yellow fever was one of the earliest viruses linked to human disease and one of the first for which formal quarantine arrangements were established [4]. Till date, fatality rates of yellow fever have been recorded as 20% or more. Yellow fever is an acute viral infectious disease transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Barbara Migeon, from the renowned McKusick-Nathan Institute at Johns Hopkins, is a major figure in clinical genetics and is eminently qualified to write this book, and she writes clearly and effectively. In order for standardized information to be comparable between longer time periods, we recommend that future studies including vaccination coverages at subnational level are conducted by the countries, since they have information about the vaccination target population, the criteria for the selection of the target population and its coverage. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005897.s001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005897.s002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005897.s003, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005897.s004, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005897.s005, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005897.s006. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Increased risk of fever. These clustered counties were geographically concentrated in 11 departments of Peru: Loreto, Amazonas, San Martin, Ucayali, Huánuco, Pasco, Junín, Madre de Dios, Cusco, Ayacucho and Puno. Stroke was thought to be the cause, but cerebrovascular disease investigation was negative. Vaccination may help prevent international … Studies have shown that high temperature lead to higher mosquito abundance and consequently an increase in viral circulation. 2021 Apr 26;6(1):64. doi: 10.1038/s41541-021-00318-3. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases is the top Open Access tropical medicine journal, featuring an International Editorial Board and increased support for developing country authors. PMC Trop Med Infect Dis. In the same study, the number of Hg. No, Is the Subject Area "Vaccination and immunization" applicable to this article? The median county rainfall in the study area was of 1,384 mm (Fig 4). Geo-environmental related factors (described previously) were included in the analysis as independent variables. Yellow fever (YF), a viral infection that occurs in tropical sub-Saharan Africa and the rainforests of tropical South America, is acquired through the bite of an infected mosquito. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine These areas were not defined previously as endemic, and no YFV immunization was required. For every one degree increase, North or Southbound, there is a 4% decrease in the odds of being a YF-positive county (OR = 0.96; p <0.001). For elderly travelers, the risk for severe illness and death due to yellow fever infection should be balanced against the risk of … The Public Health Agency of Canada, World Health Organization, U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention and a myriad of other organizations have deemed the yellow fever vaccine safe for use, with very few risk factors. The remaining 148 YF-positive counties were not significantly clustered and were distributed throughout Brazil, Colombia and Paraguay, accounting for 17.4% of total number of YF cases in the study period (202 cases). The experts were 2012 Apr;11(4):427-48. doi: 10.1586/erv.12.6. The revised global yellow fever risk map and recommendations for vaccination, 2010: consensus of the Information WHO Working Group on Geogrpahic Risk for Yellow Fever. J Med Ethics.
Methodology, 2021 Jul 19;8:700014. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.700014. In Peru, a massive vaccination campaign was initiated in 2004 covering the endemic departments and areas where workers travel to the jungle during seasonal harvest and planting; a 90% coverage was achieved [68]. Online ahead of print. Aggregated data by county was used to analyze the spatial distribution of YF human cases and its relationship with geographic and environmental (hereafter called geo-environmental) factors. Arthropod Borne Diseases Project administration, However, neighboring counties with no reported cases that share the same geo-environmental factors are at risk and need to be better surveyed. The final logistic regression model identified four significant geo-environmental factors associated with the presence of yellow fever human cases (p ≤ 0.05): rain, altitude, number of genera of NHP hosts and temperature (Table 4).
Calculating geometry was used to measure latitude of the county’s polygon centroid. Previous studies have acknowledged that altitude has a leading role associated with YF presence, because it generates temperature gradients that affect mosquito and virus viability [28], as well as NHP location. An update of advanced age as a risk factor for serious adverse events associated with yellow fever vaccine was published in 2005 and affirms the increased risk and documents a reporting rate ratio of 5.9 (95% CI, 1.6–22.2) in persons aged ⩾60 years receiving yellow fever vaccine for the first time, compared with those aged 19–29 years . Conceptualization, Epub 2013 Sep 27. No, Is the Subject Area "Primates" applicable to this article? Digital cartography of counties’ boundaries was previously compiled by PAHO from various countries’ national cartographic agencies (e.g. This list includes only countries or areas where WHO has determined there is a risk of yellow fever transmission and/or where there are country requirements for travellers. Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Yellow Fever affects not only humans, but monkeys as well. In response to the call of the 48th World Health Assembly for a substantial revision of the International Health Regulations, this new edition of the Regulations will enter into force on June 15, 2007. Project administration, 2020 Nov 6:1-12. doi: 10.1007/s40506-020-00237-2.
The following diseases may cause pleural effusion: Heart failure; ... sarcoidosis, yellow-nail syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever. Overview . MeSH In severe cases there may be spontaneous haemorrhage. Lying in the so-called “yellow fever belt”, Uganda is one of the 32 African countries at risk of yellow fever transmission . Eight geo-environmental factors were included in the analysis as independent variables: altitude and latitude (essentially geographic); major habitat type, temperature and rain (environmental); hosts (eight genera of non-human primates); proxies of environmental alterations due to human activity (canopy tree loss/disruption and land use intensiveness/agriculture frontier). The clear demand for an integrated approach has led to the publication of this text. There is also sufficient evidence to conclude that the presence of YF in South America is not a series of isolated events and is not happening at random across the study area, as spatial clustered patterns were discovered and characterized. However, that risk can be greatly reduced by being vaccinated. WHO says that risk factors for the disease are “influenced by rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and … Domingo C, Lamerz J, Cadar D, Stojkovic M, Eisermann P, Merle U, Nitsche A, Schnitzler P. Vaccines (Basel). During this outbreak, a worker returned to China from Africa with YF [82]; however, due to low temperatures in China and the absence of urban vectors, the spread of yellow fever to Asia, a region without circulation of this virus, was contained. Yellow fever transmission may occur at altitudes up to 2,300 meters in the Americas and possibly higher in Africa [22]. Latitude and tropical ecosystem were not included in the final model; however our descriptive results serve as a good basis for the characterization of the geographic suitability of YF at continental level. Aim: To investigate the likelihood of concurrent malaria and YF infection as well as yellow fever virus (YFV) IgG serostatus with respect to predisposing risk factors. Therefore research on Zika is crucial. This book presents an update of the significant epidemiological and clinical research of Zika over the last years in many aspects and from a multinational perspective. Can Comm Dis Rep 2010;36(ACS-11):1-23. Cross tabulation and descriptive statistics such as median, interquartile range and frequency were performed for all independent variables. This book takes a unique systems-based approach, allowing students to visualise the overall systemic effects of the disease process in its entirety. The upsurge of human cases since December 2017 and the continuous non-human primate epizootics since September 2017 indicate a continued or resumed increase in yellow fever virus circulation in Brazil. Rafferty E, Duclos P, Yactayo S, Schuster M. Vaccine. Yes Independent variables were first screened based on the response variable; in the case of variables with large amounts of missing data (>10%) and limited variability (coefficient of variation <20%), they were not included in the multivariable model. This book provides researchers with a better understanding of what is currently known about these diseases, including whether there is a vaccine available or under development. 2020 Jul 10:1-12. doi: 10.1007/s40506-020-00232-7. Validation, As yellow fever is frequently fatal for those who have not been vaccinated, vaccination is recommended for all travellers (with few exceptions, Chapter 6) visiting areas where there is a risk of yellow fever transmission. Yellow fever is one of the few diseases for which a certificate of vaccination is required for entry into countries where there is evidence of persistent or periodic disease transmission, regulated under the International Health Regulations [34]. All confirmed cases, first defined as probable, need to meet one of the additional criteria: detection of YFV-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM); detection of a fourfold increase in YFV antibody titers between acute and convalescent serum samples; or detection of YFV-specific neutralizing antibodies. Not everyone is at risk of getting YF infection. YF remains an important cause of severe illness and death, and travel to disease-endemic regions is increasing. Yellow fever (YF) is a zoonotic disease caused by an arbovirus of the family Flaviviridae, the same family of the dengue and Zika viruses, of which the latter was declared in 2016 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern [1]. Yellow fever virus (YFV) is distinct from other viral hemorrhagic fevers by the severe injury to the liver causing the -, Clin Infect Dis. Vector-Borne Diseases : Understanding the Environmental, Human Health, and Ecological Connections, Workshop Summary (Forum on Microbial Threats) summarizes this workshop. Higher temperatures increased the odds of being a YF county. In the case of temperature conditions, the whole study area had a median annual mean temperature of 22.2°C (Fig 3). Yellow fever. Print. Yellow fever is a viral infection spread by a particular type of mosquito. The infection is most common in areas of Africa and South America, affecting travelers to and residents of those areas. In mild cases, yellow fever causes a fever, headache, nausea and vomiting. A publication about the 2015–2016 YF outbreak in Angola, suggests that the extremely rapid unplanned urban migration in Africa by non-immune rural populations to already densely populated cities, where high densities of mosquitoes co-exist with city dwellers, has the potential for an epidemic of massive proportion in which political will combined with immunization is necessary [83]. is present in 82% of the counties (6,943 counties) and Alouatta spp. Understanding the Changing Planet outlines eleven strategic directions to focus research and leverage new technologies to harness the potential that the geographical sciences offer. There were no counties in the study with eight different genera of NHP hosts.
In summary, the third edition will give the student a sense of the exciting new perspectives on viral pathogenesis that have been provided by recent developments in genomics, computation, modeling, and systems biology. Yellow fever is a type of disease caused by viruses and it is transmitted through a mosquito intermediaries. Plotkin's Vaccines km and %) of environmental features as MHT Ecosystems and NHP digital databases.
In YF-positive counties a median rainfall of 1,681 mm was observed, ranging from 566 mm to 3,809 mm a year. Writing – original draft, Affiliation High lethality emphasizes the need for early diagnosis and treatment, and the importance of increasing vaccination coverage. In addition, a mixed effect model approach was conducted in order to explore the different countries (random effect), since we expected that cases of YF may lack independence among countries. Risk Factors Associated With Yellow Fever. Factors implicated in yellow fever emergence Yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease Age greater than 60 years is a risk factor for yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease (YEL-AVD) (14) which may present as non-specific multi-organ system failure or can be similar to fulminant yellow fever caused by wild-type yellow fever virus, with liver health geography, medical geography, geography of disease) improves the aforementioned approach of how to study the interaction between environmental dimensions and public health to identify and analyze time-space patterns of disease over the Earth’s surface [85, 93]. The papers in this book summarize the talks of this meeting. In South America, the number of YF cases officially reported rely on passive surveillance and can be significantly underestimated [2]. Nevertheless, while reviewing Table 1 of this study we can observe that the number of YF cases decreased only in 2007; since the location of where the vaccinations campaign took place was not available it was not possible to compare this information with the YF cases in the following period. Biosafety Level 3. Yellow Fever. During the epidemic of jungle yellow fever in Brazil in 2000, it was observed an increase in temperature and rain during previous months [26]. A total of 1,164 cases were reported in this time period, with the majority of them located in Peru, Brazil and Colombia. The median count of different genera of NHP hosts by county was three for the entire study area (range: 0–7) and four for YF-positive counties. Yellow Fever Definition Yellow fever, which is also known as sylvatic fever and viral hemorrhagic fever or VHF, is a severe infectious disease caused by a type of virus called a flavivirus. Between 1960 and 1999 there were 5,687 laboratory-confirmed YF cases in the Americas, with the highest numbers reported in Peru (46.7%), Brazil (25.4%) and Bolivia (14.3%) [17]. Temperatures higher than 20.1°C were not statistically significant. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005897.t004. Mortality of these clinical cases can be as high as 80%, on a par with Ebola, Marburg and other haemorrhagic viral infections. Investigation, Epub 2008 Sep 20. Those who haven’t been vaccinated for yellow fever and who live in areas populated by infected mosquitoes are at risk. 2016 Mar 28;23(3):taw012. In the Brazilian highlands, at the very upper basins of the rivers Araguaia, Tocantins, San Francisco and Doce, groups of YF-positive counties were identified until 2009; fewer counties reported YF cases in the 2010–2014 quinquennial. In most South American endemic countries YF is a disease of compulsory notification, which is periodically published in the country’s Epidemiological Bulletins and yearly reported to PAHO/WHO as part of the International Health Regulations [74–78]. Epub 2014 Sep 3. 2008 Nov 11;26(48):6077-82. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.009. Yellow fever (YF) is a zoonotic disease caused by an arbovirus of the family Flaviviridae, the same family of the dengue and Zika viruses, of which the latter was declared in 2016 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern [ 1 ]. In 2012, a group of YF specialists met in Panama to review the disease situation in the Americas in order to improve preparedness and response in terms of epidemiological, epizootic, entomological and laboratory surveillance [14]. Curr Treat Options Infect Dis. Clinical symptoms and signs observed among yellow fever cases are … This unique book provides an introduction to the fascinating field of tropical nephrology, covering nephrology, infectious diseases and tropical medicine. Immunity-Immunity- One attack ofOne attack of yellow fever givesyellow fever gives lifelonglifelong immunity.immunity. A traveler’s risk of acquiring yellow fever is determined by various factors, including immunization status, location of travel, season, duration of exposure, occupational and recreational activities while traveling, and the local rate of virus transmission at the time of travel. Accessibility doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa172. A hydrography background layer was used as reference when constructing the maps. Host FactorHost Factor All ages & both sexesAll ages & both sexes Persons in contact withPersons in contact with forests.forests. of high severity yellow fever. Adverse event reports following yellow fever vaccination. In North and Central America YF has practically vanished, while in South America it is still found around the Amazon basin, and intermittently on the island of Trinidad [15, 16].
Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! These are areas where the virus is present in monkeys and is a potential risk to humans as defined by the World Health Organization.Some of these countries demand a yellow fever certificate from travellers as a condition of entry to their country. Yellow fever (YF) is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes causing a spectrum of disease from mild to severe symptoms. Designed for health departments, physicians, travel agencies, international airlines, shipping companies & other private & public agencies. (S1 File) [49]. The 2016/2017 YF outbreak in Brazil is a recent example of how YF could emerge [18]. Curr Treat Options Infect Dis. In the spatial pattern analysis conducted in this study, we observed that several YF-positive counties were clustered, but there is always the risk of sporadic expansion towards neighboring areas that share similar ecological conditions with fewer cases or no cases reported. This offers innovative possibilities of linking public health data to potential sources of environmental exposure [86]. Brazil was uniquely able to respond to yellow fever, as it had developed scientific expertise on the endemic disease starting in the late 19th century and was a part of developing the yellow fever vaccine in the 1930s, motivated by national risk. Formal analysis,
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