0000000675 00000 n Principles of Modeling Uncertainties in Spatial Data and ... - Page xxiii Successful and timely completion of this activity will be reflected in your Lesson 9 grade. They are the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and, in the United States, the Federal Geographic Information Committee (FGDC). Another example is the lack of remote sensing data in certain parts of the world due to almost continuous cloud cover. and. Weight the input layers. Principles of Geomorphology, Wiley Eastern, 1993 The mapping standards employed by the United States Geological Survey specify that: "requirements for meeting horizontal accuracy as 90 percent of all measurable points must be within 1/30th of an inch for maps at a scale of 1:20,000 or larger, and 1/50th of an inch for maps at scales smaller than 1:20,000. You will have deducted points from your Lesson 9 Activity. For each dataset, answer the following questions in a word processing document. Given these issues, it is easy to understand the dangers of using undocumented data in a GIS project. Metadata can make clear to users the quality of a dataset or service and what it contains. discussion forum. 0000002957 00000 n Different computers may not have the same capability to perform complex mathematical operations and may produce significantly different results for the same problem. Relative accuracy and precision, and the inherent error of both precision and accuracy of GIS data determine data quality. 0000003884 00000 n 2217 Earth and Engineering Sciences Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 Furthermore, locations must be specified with coordinates that share the same unit of measure. Attributes (symbolized as colors in the illustration) of intersecting polygons are combined. It should look similar to the one below: Save your screenshot using the following naming convention: Completed on time (by end of Lesson 7, see Calendar for details): You will, Completed one (1) to three (3) days late: You will, Completed four (4) or more days late: You will. If you link to or cite these materials, please credit the authors, Kenneth E. Foote and Donald J. Huebner, The Geographer's Craft Project, Department of Geography, The University of Colorado at Boulder. Feature overlay . 5.0 Vector analysis 6 hrs 6.0 Raster analysis 6 hrs 7.0 Hydrological analysis 4 hrs 8.0 Map layout 2 hrs 9.0 Mini-project for GIS application 6 hrs References: 1.0 Ragunath Jha(2000) : Course manual for GIS, IOE,water ResourcesEngineering. Submit your Certificate of Completion to the Lesson 7: Editing Basics in ArcGIS Pro drop box by the due date indicated on the course calendar. Vector and raster overlay operations are two different types of overlays in GIS depending upon data structures. Unless the user has a clear idea of the accuracy and precision of a dataset, mixing this data into a GIS can be very risky. Map overlays involve at least two input layers and result in at least one new output layer. Completion of this module will result in 1 extra credit point. Processing errors occur during other phases of data manipulation such as digitizing and geocoding, overlay and boundary intersections, and errors from rasterizing a vector map. Tools are available in most GIS software for overlaying both Vector or raster data. Chapter 4. There is a good chance your project will not execute properly. Learning to Think Spatially examines how spatial thinking might be incorporated into existing standards-based instruction across the school curriculum. Quite often the desired data regarding a site or area may not exist, and "surrogate" data may have to be used instead. Multiple conversions from one format to another may create a ratchet effect similar to making copies of copies on a photo copy machine. These stands can be identified from aerial photographs. Double-check the list of requirements on the first page of this lesson to make sure you have completed all of the activities listed there before beginning the next lesson. Figure 7.1: Screen capture showing metadata from the National Atlas website, spikes, switchbacks, polygonal knots, and loops, U.S. Department of Agriculture Geospatial Data Gateway, Hydrology (watersheds, subwatersheds, river & streams), Watershed Drinking Water Data - Mecklenburg County, NC, Additional Instructions for Penn State Computer Labs, Fully answered all 11 questions for all 4 datasets, Fully answered all 11 questions for 3 of the 4 datasets, Fully answered all 11 questions for 2 of the 4 datasets, Fully answered all 11 questions for 1 of the 4 datasets, Did not fully answer the 11 questions for any of the datasets, Provided written response to Item #3 questions, No written response to Item #3 is provided. Scale restricts type, quantity, and quality of data (Star and Estes 1990). What should my C:\temp folder look like once I have extracted the files? For instance, defining a cause of death in males between 18-25 years old would probably be significantly different in a class interval of 18-40 years old. How would you rate the data quality of the dataset on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 = poor data quality and 5 = excellent data quality? The sum of 1.5 and 0.75 is 2.25. This means in practice that GIS solutions are often best reported as ranges or ranking, or presented within statistical confidence intervals. Basic spatial analysis techniques - Spatial measurement and query - Classification and reclassification - Buffering -Overlay 4.
At its simplest, overlay analysis can be a visual operation, but analytical operations require one or more data layers to be joined physically. It includes such GIS functions as . Extract the files to the, NOTE: IF YOUR COMPUTER DOES NOT HAVE A FILE EXTRACTION (UNZIPPING ) PROGRAM, EITHER DOWNLOAD, You can also watch the last 4 minutes (starting at 7:40) of the. You learned how to read metadata and extract important information from the metadata related to timeliness, relevance, scale, accuracy, and data source, and where to obtain this data. It is not necessary for metadata to always give access to the dataset or service; however, it must always indicate where the dataset or service can be obtained. If you cannot find the answer within the metadata, state that as your response: What agency or organization created the data? Accuracy and Imprecision: All arrows land on the target in all different places but none on the bull's eye. If you do not document the dataset when you create it, you may end up wasting time later having to check it a second time. If you don’t know what it represents, what it covers, who made it or what quality it is, then only the originator of the data would be able to find and use it. There is nothing new about superimposing multiple thematic maps to reveal optimal locations. It is the user's responsibility to prevent them. You visit a car dealership to purchase a car. The model uses x-, y-coordinates to store the geometry of spatial features. Storing digital data in multiple "layers" is not unique to GIS, of course; computer-aided design (CAD) packages and even spreadsheets also support layering. The number of observations within an area is a guide to data reliability and should be known by the map user. Spatial analysis is a set of methods whose results change when the locations of the objects being analyzed change. As you implement GIS projects, you now have the basis to evaluate your data sources before you use them and to make use of the most appropriate data for your projects. You are now on 5-Review: Review the information and click on ' PLACE ORDER' in left sidebar. THE "SAMPLE_ROUTING_PROJECT" FOLDER SHOULD BE UNZIPPED TO THE C:\temp folder. The impetus for this book is the relative lack of research into the integration of spatial analysis and GIS, and the potential benefits in developing such an integration. However, a map is composed of many more elements than just the spatial features, each of which contributes immensely to the interpretability and flow of the overall map. The level of precision required for particular applications varies greatly. Military restrictions, inter-agency rivalry, privacy laws, and economic factors may restrict data availability or the level of accuracy in the data. 0000004441 00000 n You will now see the metadata including: Identification Information, Data Quality Information, Spatial Data Organization Information, Spatial Reference Information, Entity and Attribute Information, Distribution Information, and Metadata Reference Information.
Short and clearly focussed chapters provide explanations of: spatial relationships and spatial data the creation of digital data, the use and access of existing data, the combination of data the use of modelling techniques and the essential ... Uses case studies to examine the various applications of each type of geographic information. * Considers geographic information as a technical problem, an empowering application, a pure science endeavor, an academic pursuit and a social ... Classification and generalization of attributes used in GIS are subject to interpolation error and may introduce irregularities in the data that is hard to detect. 2Department of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Military . Additionally, much of the information base may have subsequently changed through erosion, deposition, and other geomorphic processes. Students learn the principles and practice of remote sensing and image processing for integration with GIS and GPS. This is a guide to the Applications of GIS. Certain features may be omitted from the map or spatial database through oversight, or by design. Variations in data may be due to measurement error introduced by faulty observation, biased observers, or by miscalibrated or inappropriate equipment. It may be worthwhile to convert the data from one format to the other to perform the analysis. Non-spatial data can also vary greatly in precision. Finally, It would be a mistake to believe that highly accurate and highly precision information is needed for every GIS application. In a passage describing the process he and his colleagues used to determine the least destructive route for a new roadway, McHarg (1971) wrote: As you probably know, this process has become known as map overlay. The book is the first reference to provide methods and applications for combining the use of R and GIS in modeling spatial processes. It is now generally recognized that error, inaccuracy, and imprecision can "make or break" many types of GIS projects. This will include: navigation, measurement, spatial queries, geocoding, scripting, buffering, digitising, and overlay analysis. The oceans can be treated as reasonably uniform, but the surface or topography of the land masses ex- Found inside – Page 193... definition 13 region operations in map overlay 86 regionalized variables 155ff . relational database structure 18 relational database structure for joint raster / vector GIS 34 - 6 remote sensing and image analysis - as forerunner ... The course will be an introduction to the analysis of spatial data using the concept of a geographic information system (GIS).
Soil Conservation Service data), land use patterns (from the USGS LULC data), and animal loading (livestock wastes estimated from the U.S. Census Bureau's Census of Agriculture). Lab 07 - Overlay & site suitability analysis | So long as ... Found inside – Page 292In D. J. Maguire, M. S. Goodchild, & D. W. Rhind (Eds.), Geographical information systems: Principles and applications (pp. 403– 412). London: Longman. ... ArcGIS Help 10.1, Overlay analysis approaches. http://resources.arcgis.com/en/ ... We are focusing on procedures for Vector an Raster analysis. HPS 401 - Introduction to Mapping for Public Health. Click on a file and follow the download instructions that appear on the screen. In certain calculations, the chip would yield the wrong answer. This takes you to 2-What: Scroll down the center pane until you come to 'Soils', Check the box next to US General Soils Map (STATSGO2), then click 'Continue'. Chapter 5 - Geographic Information Systems in Natural ... Was all of the data needed to answer the questions readily available? Design with Nature Suitable habitats for marmots. Delineating by the use of ... - Page 3 patterns. The key point is that even though error can disrupt GIS analyses, there are ways to keep error to a minimum through careful planning and methods for estimating its effects on GIS solutions. Each approach has different basic premises and assumptions. Overlay analysis—Help | ArcGIS for Desktop You want to be confident that your data is up to date and accurate. Errors associated with damaged source maps, operator error while digitizing, and bias can be checked by comparing original maps with digitized versions. Symbol size, color, shape, and pattern affect the user's perception and the map's overall meaning. Print or save a copy of the Certificate of Completion to a place where you can easily locate it. But high accuracy and high precision are both expensive. Physiological errors of the operator by involuntary muscle contractions may result in spikes, switchbacks, polygonal knots, and loops. What if I have problems running the ArcMap Exercise? PDF Dr. Bo Wu 0000002933 00000 n Errors Resulting from Natural Variation or from Original Measurements. Propagation occurs when one error leads to another. This is metadata about the characteristics of a specific vehicle. Spatial Analysis in GIS LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 6: Spatial Analysis 1. Spatial Analyses. Because the output raster from Weighted Overlay is integer, the . One must match the appropriate scale to the level of detail required in the project.
Part 1: Attribute & Spatial Queries A logging company has . 14.2.5 Raster Analysis Overlay in raster is much simpler - the attributes of each cell are combined according to a set of rules . Once the zipped file is downloaded to your computer, double-click on the downloaded zip file to decompress it to your, Simplified_Route_Evaluation_spreadsheet.xls. Particular care should be devoted to checking for errors because GIS are quite capable of lulling the user into a false sense of accuracy and precision unwarranted by the data available. Based on the metadata, you can then decide whether a dataset or service is useful or not, or whether you need to collect additional data. Sensitivity analysis allows the users to gauge how and how much errors will affect solutions. A modern GIS provides both simple point-and-click query capabilities and sophisticated analysis tools to provide timely information to managers and analysts alike. They may be additive or multiplicative and can vary depending on how information is combined, that is from situation to situation.
Engineering projects such as road and utility construction require very precise information measured to the millimeter or tenth of an inch. Prepare a Data Quality Report for datasets you create. (overlay analysis) Digital elevation modelling (DEM) . Geoprocessing and Spatial Analysis. A spatial join might allow you to count all the burglaries (a point file . Even if you do not plan to share your data with others, you should prepare a report – just in case you use the dataset again in the future. Types of spatial analysis 3. What is the spatial reference of the data? Follow the course outline to navigate and complete the course. Spatial Analysis in GIS LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 6: Spatial Analysis 1. Other errors in quantitative accuracy may occur from faulty instrument calibration used to measure specific features such as altitude, soil or water pH, or atmospheric gases. UNESCO - EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERS ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING - Vol. Posted on February 2, 2016. by Lee Hachadoorian. Analysis of surface Contents . Coordinate system (Geographic, UTM, State Plane, etc.)? The Weighted Overlay tool applies one of the most used approaches for overlay analysis to solve multicriteria problems such as site selection and suitability models. Because computers must manipulate data in a digital format, numerical errors in processing can lead to inaccurate results. The first book to describe an ecologically sound approach to the planning and design of communities, Design with Nature has done much over the past 25 years to shape public environmental policy. Precise attribute information describes phenomena in great detail. That is, errors left unchecked can make the results of a GIS analysis almost worthless. Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York. The level of accuracy required for particular applications varies greatly.
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