2008 Oct;27(10 Suppl):S84-8. xref Print 2021 May 24. "���ꕁ$c[3��� the causes of autism. Is measles common? For each possible adverse event, the report reviews peer-reviewed primary studies, summarizes their findings, and evaluates the epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence. 0 These two volumes were timed to honor the introduction of the vaccine and to record the enormous advancements made in understanding the molecular and cell biology, pathogenesis, and control of this infectious disease. 0000010371 00000 n Causes of under-five deaths, 2008 Causes of neonatal deaths, 2008 Immunization WHO/CHERG 2010 No Data 61 52 30 0 20 40 60 80 100 2000 MICS 2005 MICS 2008 DHS % 50 48 46 21 27 0 20 40 60 80 2000 22 Full PDFs related to this paper. <<4074B40F4B68B741AB92AA39930F350A>]/Prev 502545/XRefStm 2807>> An estimated 197 000 people died from measles in 2007, mostly children under the age of five More than 20 million people worldwide are affected by measles each year Measles outbreaks are common in many areas, including Europe. Over the last decade, identification of new cellular receptors and studies in animal models have challenged the historic concepts of measles pathogenesis. MMR vaccine can prevent measles, mumps, and rubella. �݀%\u@/�� ��o�@�{���6d8������р�;�,��~� P;�Ы�!�x��/6�� �1��[��`�~�Nre���������'g&��N]�8z�����+#���t�i��<70����n? Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 0000010987 00000 n doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009458. Measles is transmitted from person to person primarily by the airborne route as aerosolized droplet nuclei. Measles is one of the most highly communicable of all infectious diseases (R0=12-18). measles symptoms and causes mayo clinic, life cycle the measles virus, rubella german measles subject matter and pathogenesis, tuberculosis pathophysiology clinical features and, www ncbi nlm nih gov, tonsillitis ent health, pathophysiology definition of pathophysiology by merriam, viral 0000012485 00000 n With input from expert consultant Professor Graham Medley of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, as well as advice from teachers and child psychologists, this is a practical and informative resource to help explain the changes ...
Measles is marked by prodromal fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and pathognomonic . Measles vaccination protects against the disease. 2021 Jul 20;9(7):1538. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9071538. 0000182455 00000 n Introduction. Measles is an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Anyone who is not vaccinated can get measles at any age. Physical contact, coughing and sneezing are the most common causes of infection spreading. To get to the point where there is no measles in the world, all countries must first get rid of the disease, and then prevent it from coming back. Measles virus exits human airway epithelia within dislodged metabolically active infectious centers. This second edition is based on evidence from several WHO updated and published clinical guidelines. It is for use in both inpatient and outpatient care in small hospitals with basic laboratory facilities and essential medicines. H�tSMo�0��W�h"���-�(�8ݖ�ٚ��A1��f[�4q��ߏ��u�|0E�z�{$�p�mVe��ݝv]Y��KX��݁�]�nAķ����g1�ﰐ !U��+��j�/�_�}{l�p?�����4��W&>�%�,E�}�v���>�i�B�eb��0nٌ=L #�F��?y�OƠ.��_�R���E�C�0Q��质`�W By continuing to browse this site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. J Pathol. PLoS Pathog. The measles vaccine is a live attenuated virus vaccine, which means that it contains live but significantly weakened ("attenuated") measles virus. Measles virus (MV) is transmitted via the respiratory route and causes systemic disease. This book covers recently emerged infectious diseases based on real cases and provides comprehensive information including different aspects of the infections. Your attention is called to the comprehensive review on the pathogenesis of measles by Grist in 1950.
0000003201 00000 n Measles is an infectious disease caused by a virus. Measles was declared eliminated from the United States in 2000. Today, measles still causes more than 100,000 deaths globally each year. This Paper. 0000009734 00000 n hޔUYLG�g�>�^�����j�k�d�#�����J�s_!�@B 6����}l^zHU��R�JU�Ui��ۀ�����?^ ` ԯ� 0000211650 00000 n Measles is associated with long-term health problems. Complications from measles are more common among very young children (younger than five years of age) and adults (older than 20 years of age). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Measles is very contagious. Death from measles occurs in approximately 2 per 1,000 reported cases in the United States.
Melanie s Marvelous Measles takes children on a journey to learn about the ineffectiveness of vaccinations and to know they don t have to be scared of childhood illnesses, like measles and chicken pox. [1][2] It accounts for about 100,000 deaths annually despite the availability of an effective vaccine. Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that causes fever and a rash. It usually starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body. 0000002807 00000 n A definitive history of vaccination ranges from Edward Jenner's 1796 creation of the world's first smallpox inoculation to the present day, looking at both the benefits of vaccination as well as the current controversy over their potential ... 0000004734 00000 n Measles is a dangerous, contagious disease with no treatment or cure. This was possible thanks to a highly effective vaccination program and better Answer: C 38. Measles is characterized by a prodrome of fever (as high as 105°F) and malaise, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis, followed by a maculopapular rash.1 The rash spreads from head to trunk to lower extremities. It is estimated that administration of this vaccine is associated with moderate (39.4°C) fever in as many as 5% of recipients, and a rash in approximately 2% of those receiving immunization ().These events typically occur approximately five to 12 days following immunization and often resolve without medical intervention. 0000017630 00000 n Pathophysiology of Disease - An Introduction to Clinical Medicine, 7th Ed. Measles is an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. 0000007585 00000 n 0000150685 00000 n 937 0 obj <>stream During 2000- 2018, measles vaccination prevented an estimated 23.2 million deaths. Measles is a highly contagious and sometimes deadly disease . Measles virus potentially gains acces to the brain either via the trans-synaptic spread through nerve bundles in the the olfactory bulb, release of virus from infected brain capillary endothelial cells or transmigration of infected monocytes across the blood-brain barrier. 1 In spite of the lapse of 11 years it is difficult to improve greatly upon his presentation.
2021 May 24;95(12):e00215-21. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31816857fe. eCollection 2021 Aug. The causative agent, measles virus (MV), is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus, and is spread via the respiratory route.MV was originally thought to enter the host by infecting epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, followed by viremia mediated by infected monocytes. Studies exploring the causes of chronic diarrhea in developing countries are few, with no generalized . 0000036600 00000 n Symptoms include: It is thought that MV enters the host by infection of alveolar macrophages and/or dendritic cells in the airways, and is amplified in local lymphoid tissues. Accessibility Number of confirmed measles cases and percentage of routine infant measles vaccination coverage - the Americas, 1980-2000. It can lead to seizures (often associated with fever), ear infections, diarrhea, and pneumonia. Would you like email updates of new search results? A . Measlesdeaths. PLoS Pathog. 0000007879 00000 n Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. For many years children were deliberately exposed to measles for this reason, much as we used to hold 0000032135 00000 n Singh BK, Li N, Mark AC, Mateo M, Cattaneo R, Sinn PL. 1768 55
Measles can be a serious disease, with 30% of re-ported cases experiencing one or more complica-tions. The infection causes progressive destruction of the cell-mediated immune (CMI . Measles Virus Host Invasion and Pathogenesis. J Virol. Measles is an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Pathophysiology. 0000145481 00000 n The pathogenesis of measles. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine %PDF-1.4 %���� Print 2016 Aug 1. de Swart RL, Ludlow M, de Witte L, Yanagi Y, van Amerongen G, McQuaid S, Yüksel S, Geijtenbeek TB, Duprex WP, Osterhaus AD. 0000041029 00000 n Abstract. Infection confers lifelong immunity. Measles, also called rubeola, "10-day measles" or "red measles," is a very contagious viral illness that causes a distinct rash, fever and cough. AJ;�]r���}�����l?�d�T�/�n�9+�-(�Ѹ�U�� �u�QrgR=2̫h��s Surveillance detected two genotype B3 and one genotype B2 measles virus strains that were previously identified in the region. Measles Pathophysiology •Measles- member of the genus Morbillivirus of the family Parmyxoviridae •Is an acute highly communicable virus causing systemic infection •The primary site of infection is the respiratory epithelium of the nasopharynx Signs & Symptoms •Begins with Upper respiratory symptoms: Gary Hammer. 0000211364 00000 n Measles virus (MV) is transmitted via the respiratory route and causes systemic disease. The rash is sometimes itchy and is not as bright as that of measles. �%ߘǚ�h(�Q�*7�M��]$S�7v!|����K�R��霳4*�d�W�3Yci7G/KW���"8]"�C!�(e\���Gk�vP�0'W���l�7��*X�d���~Y�,��U���o-��:}Z��R� ��b��QD� ��� x �JG͌rz�����f_(���8�֊䗋=.�#�8i��Ά�!q���$�\��9w�Op�[ �B V��ȷbK�ei�y;Uj�ջ��=����h�Q4����{�� }7k�����/�fV�-���#�}2�`��%[gۇ�㸒��wG �����S>���G��Ԭf�d/[�j�E"3������Ro�g7�%{hdK�.��+����9β���Ht/ �2���LZov�;T����T�?q.��zJk��I�"o3-��%��!tA��Y�M���z�c#���������s`�9���dxG?m��:�R��f~��~��\��7�L�́92��(�d��-F�@&��#�,Ɂڱ:F 2$`�i4=�j��T���NH��E�ۡ0�(]�u��� Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the HIV or human immunodeficiency virus. Accelerated immunization activities have had a major impact on reducing measles deaths. ڸ*+T�i���\U��|)�YU��}�P�}��Q�=�wDE�M���/tN�4�+J�� (ђV��'�iM����jj�>���]���y���V>��q�xs���t@(z�'��:˷��*K�*[v�; �c�0�q@����?�j�!|t�yZy�YS�f�ڥ�Yۍ4R�Y���|T,s'$���M�q����lӔ������OC�E^w�C:}̊QQg�x�Uu�9�mƓ_���_�N$PA_�+����`�a+|}W�fUߴU4�Tl��ha��Iz�/�l+a�D�5��@� ��'ƈ��$^Kb/��G�0k�D���M�*�:V��U��%�Z��琎P{{H� FwU�S��D�0���e�t�G�2_|��+ ��6D#�ї\�;tbo���O�� ��T�P���3�$f�� � Causes. endstream endobj startxref The measles virus lives in an infected person's nose and throat mucus. Measles virus (MV) is transmitted via the respiratory route and causes systemic disease. The catarrhal stage is characterized by a fever with conjunctivitis , coryza , cough , and pathognomonic Koplik spots on the buccal mucosa . Predominant infection of CD150+ lymphocytes and dendritic cells during measles virus infection of macaques. What it does have, though, is a low-cost vaccine that's 97% effective in preventing the virus. Prevention and treatment information (HHS). During the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccination program, started in 1982, an intensified follow-up of measles, mumps, and rubella was done [].From 1987, every suspected measles, mumps, or rubella case, including those in unvaccinated persons, had to be confirmed by specific virologic laboratory tests before notification. Sars-Cov-2 virus and vaccination; biological and statistical framework. trailer From birth through to adolescence, the emphasis is on common andimportant paediatric problems. This is the only book that takeseach symptom and walks you through history taking and physicalexamination step-by-step. Measles - United States. �7�'���~��p�@��I�زE4lb�-D0!�A��λ]�x�>F�S��}ty�+r�>�67����*�}��6L�"DuI��?P:A��o��s��C�I�_z�z�d��\fƁ�\�,����A\����� �]����t:��.�!8�Jb��w��>҈%DZ�VItWZT���q__�gz�M��$�;F)�TC��5��M��M�\bmh7��S̡��;t�R��-�7-'�3#��8OD�"��-��X�̸���:^��\o��۴͙̌�z;P'��}�������o�����v�5.ͩ�a�d�9*II%�2�Be�W�$g� �g�} CT�6�E;�R���d���_�UZ��?߶���i����r�&+��#�O��[�[� �d|� Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Measles is an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. In an increasingly global community, the rapid adaptation of microorganisms has facilitated the return of old communicable diseases and the emergence of new ones. Infection of lymphocytes and dendritic cells in the respiratory submucosa facilitates basolateral infection of epithelial cells via the newly identified receptor Nectin-4. This report indicates that, by the progress already made, these objectives are possible. It identifies key strategies and actions for countries to adopt, and indicators to use to measure progress, if they want to meet the targets by 2010. It remains an important cause of global mortality and morbidity, particularly in the regions of Africa and Southeast Asia. �� v� �4���k�C,���+��yo�ySL�f�!�����I �:�-�%_�V�1t�c�nKm�i,�E�l�|V���ߦl﮼�x�/�49�j����NY`+d�LF�mw8%��-:r谈 e�����ޔ�*�-f�&V�P�u�����D Pediatr Infect Dis J. measles in Metropolitan fever hospitals were due to pneumonia. Measles is caused by a virus and was once a common disease among children in the United States. Once quite common, measles can now almost always be prevented with a vaccine. ), and other miseellaneouis causes in 34 cases (17 per . 0000006570 00000 n When that person sneezes or eCollection 2021 Jan 14. Expert Rev Vaccines. G0801001/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom. Measles was a leading global cause of child morbidity and mortality before the introduction of measles vaccines in the 1960s, and was responsible for more than 2 million deaths annually before the increase in global measles vaccine coverage in the 1980s as a result of the Expanded Programme on Immunization ().Measles incidence and mortality have declined substantially over the past two decades . 0000003732 00000 n that the number of measles cases and deaths reported so far Low immunization coverage as a result of workload on 2 Khan et al . Causes of maternal deaths Coverage along the continuum of care Source: WHO 2010 Source: DHS, MICS, Other NS 91 98 0 20 40 60 80 100 2000 MICS 2005-2006 MICS % 44 55 57 0 40 80 100 1990 Measles is spread through coughing and sneezing, close personal contact or direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions. endstream endobj 1821 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/Index[168 1600]/Length 59/Size 1768/Type/XRef/W[1 1 1]>>stream Measles Frequently Asked Questions What is measles? association with measles vaccines.8 The new vaccination program, the Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan 2012-2020, aims to eliminate measles and rubella in at least five WHO regions by the end of 2020. 10. 0000041463 00000 n 0000004259 00000 n 6) of under-5 deaths, and many other causes, such as diarrhoea, were preventable with low-cost interventions. 922 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<2FD98E0F8917A742A419D67F165AF6D1>]/Index[907 31]/Info 906 0 R/Length 87/Prev 626231/Root 908 0 R/Size 938/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Measles continues to be an important cause of childhood mortality in developing countries. 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Anyone who is not vaccinated is much more likely to get measles if exposed.
h�bbd```b``^"@$S=�d;fw�e��l0J� 0000028453 00000 n This book provides researchers with a better understanding of what is currently known about these diseases, including whether there is a vaccine available or under development. 2021 Sep;20(9):1059-1063. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1965884. Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae , a microorganism that has a predilection for the skin and nerves. Bethesda, MD 20894, Help In this Primer, Rota et al. Measles is a childhood infection caused by a virus. PDF Measles - cdn.ymaws.com Measles: Preventing the Spread in Child Care and School Settings* What is measles? Stephen McPhee. Measles virus is rarely isolated from the brain of a patient with acute measles panencephalitis. These two volumes were timed to honor the introduction of the vaccine and to record the enormous advancements made in understanding the molecular and cell biology, pathogenesis, and control of this infectious disease. Measles is an acute viral illness caused by a virus in the family paramyxovirus, genus Morbillivirus. TRANSMISSION. Who gets measles? Karamitros T, Pogka V, Papadopoulou G, Tsitsilonis O, Evangelidou M, Sympardi S, Mentis A. Microorganisms. The causes for chronic diarrhoea vary depending on socio-economic factors, hygienic practices. endstream endobj 908 0 obj <>/Metadata 100 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[924 0 R]>>/Outlines 171 0 R/PageLayout/SinglePage/Pages 902 0 R/StructTreeRoot 215 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 909 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Trans 936 0 R/Type/Page>> endobj 910 0 obj <>stream Symptoms usually develop 10-12 days after exposure to an infected person and last 7-10 days. Meera Senthilingam presents a timely look at humanity's ongoing battle against infection, examining the successes and failures of the past, along with how we are confronting the challenges of today, and our chances of eradicating disease in ... The immediate cause of death is given as broncho-pneumonia in 153 eases (80 per cent. 2. The aspect of the cornea in post-measles blindness is reminiscent of the keratomalacia in vitamine A deficiency and kwashiorkor. Measles is preventable by immunisation but high levels of coverage are required to prevent outbreaks of disease from occurring. pathophysiology doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030178. Pathophysiology mcq with answers pdf download. AIDS Pathophysiology. From 5 days before to 5 days after rash onset, counting the day of rash onset as day 1. estimate that in the last 12 years, measles vaccination has prevented nearly 14 million deaths. Once measles virus has penetrated the brain, primary target cells . Measles is marked by prodromal fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and pathognomonic enanthem (ie, Koplik spots), followed by an erythematous maculopapular rash on the third to seventh day. 0000013258 00000 n "Important general basic science concepts are extensively covered in dedicated chapters appearing in an early section of the book, allowing subsequent clinical chapters to focus on relevant disease-specific pathophysiology in addition to ...
Measles virus (MV) is transmitted via the respiratory route and causes systemic disease. Pathological consequences of systemic measles virus infection. Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by measles virus. 0000144727 00000 n The document will guide development of national plans of action for achieving and sustaining measles and rubella elimination with country-specific strategies and activities that are tailored for addressing issues and challenges faced by ... Measles is a human disease and is not known to occur in animals. The causes for chronic diarrhoea vary depending on socio-economic factors, hygienic practices. 0000021212 00000 n From 1916-1927 inclusive, measles appears as a cause of death in the Grove Hospital register in 193 cases. Viremia mediated by infected CD150+ lymphocytes results in systemic dissemination. Also called rubeola, measles can be serious . Small white spots known as Koplik's spots may form inside the mouth two or three days after the start of . Three principal reasons most often cited for the spread of diseases are poor sanitation, improper management, and introduction of new ani-mals into a herd. In temperate areas, the peak incidence of infection occurs during late winter and spring. The AAP's authoritative guide on preventing, recognizing, and treating more than 200 childhood infectious diseases. MEASLES (M) causes fever, cough, runny nose, and red, watery eyes, commonly followed by a rash that covers the whole body. y-��#�"�po��0aņ ����0Z�G��{�1�0���� ̘�-�=̑s1|-fP �L����]ľ�RcM!�[�2X`kP8��XNw� �y����s�˚cf;�E���{��/���>3F=+ #᠀�}��B\�G1�����Ԅ��$�~I �/����,���?Rx21ج =�xԅ(� ��X�'�,�,�o�No��=��a�'��w;c�����x�FP�W\��D ^|����z]?1����]L|��-^L(|���繍�:y;R>�I���6;��vۖ7@����~g'��@zF�ϧn�*�$nw�L}�:ӭpo���x���.�_e-�}IQ��,�{öq+��ٖ?6�=�m�@���O�3�A���0����ω���2C�u�x �\ Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. Translated from the original Arabic by William Alexander Greenhill Careers. Measles in history was considered to be a life event that almost all children went through. Access a companion website at www.netterreference.com featuring the complete searchable text, an Image Bank containing all of the bookâs illustrations...downloadable for your personal use, plus 25 printable patient education brochures. "A presentation of the scientific argument in favor of vaccination, which probes the consequences, origins and impact of the the anti-vaccination movement"-- startxref 0000145789 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n 560 - 561 • DOI: 10.1126/science.366.6465.560 Global EpidemiologyGlobal Epidemiology Approximately 30 million measles cases areApproximately 30 million measles cases are reported annually. endstream endobj 912 0 obj <>stream Replication of the attenuated virus in immune cells is essential to develop an effective immune response. Elimination means there was no continuous disease transmission for more than 12 months. The Immunization Safety Review committee reviewed the data on influenza vaccine and neurological conditions and concluded that the evidence favored rejection of a causal relationship between influenza vaccines and exacerbation of multiple ... Measles is still common in many countries, and outbreaks still occur. Measles virus (MV) is transmitted via the respiratory route and causes systemic disease. 0000017485 00000 n Measles is among the most contagious viral diseases . 0000011550 00000 n 0000016795 00000 n Causes of Measles. Thanks to the Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccine, cases are relatively rare in the United States. The measles virus can lead to a variety of complications, including hearing loss, diarrhea, brain swelling, and pneumonia. 0000012097 00000 n 0000008518 00000 n Number of measles cases, by import status and week of rash onset - United States, 2004 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MEASLES FACT SHEET Overview Measles is a disease caused by a virus that has affected humans for centuries. 0000145410 00000 n Public health officials declared the elimination of measles from the U.S . 0000005174 00000 n Before the measles vaccine became available, measles was a common childhood disease. Measles virus is a member of the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. This disease is often mild with half of people not realizing that they are infected. Measles is considered the most deadly of all childhood rash/fever illnesses. cover the pathophysiology and management options, with a focus on the strategies to eliminate endemic . This guide describes in detail the current challenges and activities needed to interrupt measles transmission, to prevent and respond rapidly to emerging measles outbreaks, and to ensure sensitive surveillance is in place. 907 0 obj <> endobj 8600 Rockville Pike 2021 Aug 12;17(8):e1009458. To reach this goal, as detailed in this volume, apparently it is not enough to of the existing vaccine as was the rigorously enforce use case with smallpox eradication: the intricacies of measles disease phenomena, in particular the ... Measles is a very contagious respiratory disease caused by a virus. Since the measles vaccine became available in the United States in the 1960s, cases of measles have decreased by about 99%. There are two phases of disease: a catarrhal ( prodromal ) stage and an exanthem stage. Measles was therefore welcomed, as this was the only way the child could rid himself of the so-called 'poison'. "��������'���@"@1����%}0 ��1 MeSH Normally, the measles virus does not cause brain damage. Measles can be prevented with a vaccine that is both highly effective and safe. The MMR vaccine contains live attenuated measles virus. Measles, also known as rubeola, is a preventable, highly contagious, acute febrile viral illness.
the red rash associated with measles represented the mother's menstrual blood, dammed up during the child's sojourn in the womb. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Measles 5% Malaria Diarrhoea 13% 20% Injuries 2% Pneumonia 16% Other 18% HIV/AIDS 1% 100 82 86 12 99 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 . 0000012978 00000 n For many U.S. travelers and expatriates %%EOF Measles is an infectious disease caused by the measles virus. E. Virus JC was recently studied due to their role in the prevention of demyelinization in the SNC. When the measles infected person sneezes or coughs, the virus is released into the air. Full PDF Package Download Full PDF Package. Concomitant and extensive epithelial damage may contribute to efficient transmission to the next host. Conclusion The resurgence was likely caused by an accumulation of unvaccinated, measles-susceptible children due to low MCV1 coverage and suboptimal SIA implementation. The name measles is derived from the Latin, misellus, meaning miserable. One or more of the following defects cause diseases. %PDF-1.6 %���� The new 27th edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to help you stay in step with the latest developments and recommendations. How is measles spread? This response leads to brain inflammation (swelling and irritation) that may last for years. 0000009186 00000 n {{configCtrl2.info.metaDescription}} This site uses cookies. Download Download PDF. Over the last decade, identification of new cellular receptors and studies in animal models have challenged the historic concepts of .
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